Which Macular Degeneration is Treatable?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults, affecting the macula—the part of the retina responsible for central vision. AMD comes in two primary forms: dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). Understanding the differences between these types is crucial for determining the available treatment options.

Understanding Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that primarily affects individuals over the age of 50. It impacts the macula, the central part of the retina, which is essential for sharp, central vision.

Dry Macular Degeneration

Dry AMD is the most common form, accounting for about 80-90% of all AMD cases. It progresses slowly and is characterized by the thinning of the macula and the accumulation of drusen—tiny yellow deposits under the retina. The key features of dry AMD include:

Gradual Vision Loss: Vision loss occurs slowly over time, affecting the ability to see fine details.
Drusen Deposits: The presence of drusen can be detected during an eye exam before noticeable vision loss occurs.
Geographic Atrophy: In advanced stages, dry AMD can lead to geographic atrophy, where large areas of the retinal cells waste away, causing significant vision impairment.

Wet Macular Degeneration

Wet AMD is less common but more severe, accounting for about 10-15% of all AMD cases. It progresses rapidly and is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the retina and macula. These vessels can leak fluid or blood, leading to significant vision loss. The key features of wet AMD include:

Rapid Vision Loss: Vision can deteriorate quickly, sometimes within days or weeks.
Abnormal Blood Vessels: The growth of new, fragile blood vessels under the retina, a process known as choroidal neovascularization, is the hallmark of wet AMD.
Fluid and Blood Leakage: These abnormal vessels can leak, causing swelling and damage to the retina.

Which Type of AMD is Treatable?

While there is currently no cure for either form of AMD, wet AMD is considered more treatable than dry AMD. The primary treatment options for wet AMD include:

Anti-VEGF Injections: Medications such as Beovu, Eylea, and Lucentis inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that promotes the growth of abnormal blood vessels. Regular injections can reduce fluid leakage, slow vision loss, and, in some cases, improve vision (BrightFocus) (AMDF).
Photodynamic Therapy: This treatment uses a light-activated drug to destroy abnormal blood vessels and is typically used in conjunction with anti-VEGF therapy.
Laser Surgery: High-energy laser light can seal off abnormal blood vessels to prevent further leakage and damage.

For dry AMD, treatment focuses on slowing the progression of the disease and managing symptoms:

AREDS2 Supplements: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) formulation includes vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin. These supplements can reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD in people with intermediate or advanced dry AMD in one eye (BrightFocus). Saffron 2020 supplements combine the same vitamins and minerals found in AREDS formula with saffron and resveratrol for synergistic properties, helping people with AMD to save their eyesight and have clearer vision.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Maintaining a diet rich in leafy greens, fish, and other foods high in antioxidants, avoiding smoking, and controlling cardiovascular risk factors can help manage dry AMD.

Conclusion

While both forms of macular degeneration can lead to significant vision loss, wet AMD has more direct treatment options available. Early detection through regular eye exams is crucial for effective management of both types of AMD. Understanding the differences between dry and wet AMD and staying informed about the latest treatments can help individuals manage their condition and maintain their quality of life.

For more detailed information and support, consider visiting resources like the Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) and the Canadian Ophthalmological Society.

What is the difference between dry and wet macular degeneration?
Which type of AMD is more severe?
Can dry AMD turn into wet AMD?
What causes dry AMD?
What causes wet AMD?
Is there a cure for AMD?
How is wet AMD treated?
What are the best treatments for dry AMD?
Do anti-VEGF injections improve vision in wet AMD?
How do AREDS2 supplements help with AMD?
What role does saffron play in AMD management?
What foods help slow AMD progression?
How often should I get an eye exam if I have AMD?
Can lifestyle changes prevent AMD from worsening?
Is laser surgery effective for treating AMD?
What are the early symptoms of AMD?
How quickly does wet AMD progress?
Can supplements like lutein and zeaxanthin improve AMD symptoms?
How do abnormal blood vessels cause vision loss in wet AMD?
Where can I find support for living with AMD?